The answer to this is unfortunately verbose. Generally, the live (unofficial) player ratings can be found a few hours after the club submits the rating report to US Chess, and players can use this to track their progress as a player. This can be found from the event rating report > Section > Games > Player.
However, the official rating for players will be updated the 1st of every month, based on a 3rd Wednesday of the month cutoff. This is the rating used for tournament pairings, unless the tournament organizer explicitly says that the live rating will be used instead. For a more detailed explanation of how the system works, see
HERE.
Finally, a rating will only be generated if a player has played 4+ rated games. So for example if a player had a bye in a 4 round tournament and played only 3 rounds, the player will not get a rating until competing in another rated tournament.